A network consists of a number of nodes and links connecting these nodes, representing many objects and their interconnections.
Before 1999, it was generally believed that the structure of the network was random. But it was only after Barabasi and Watts discovered the scale-free and small-world properties of networks in 1999 and published their findings in the world-renowned journals Science and Nature, respectively, that the complexity of networks was realized With the help of software tools such as text reading, picture viewing, audio, and video playback, download and transmission, games, and chat, the Internet will bring people a rich life and wonderful enjoyment from text, pictures, sound, and video.
Network Concept
A circuit or part of a circuit.
In Chinese, the word “network” was first used in electrical “Modern Chinese Dictionary” (1993 edition) to make this explanation: “In an electrical system, a circuit composed of several components used to transmit electrical signals according to certain requirements. Or part of this circuit called a network.”
Mathematically, a network is a kind of graph, which is generally considered to refer to a weighted graph. In addition to the mathematical definition, the network also has a specific physical meaning, that is, the network is a model abstracted from a practical problem of the same type. In the field of computers, the network is a virtual platform for knowledge sharing, transmission, and reception. Through it, the information of every point, surface, and volume is linked with each other, so as to realize the sharing of these resources. The Internet is the most important invention in the history of human development, improving the development of technology and human society.
Network Obligations
Network communication has a wide range of influences. As an original author, he should report cold news as well as warm news, with profound virtue and good news. With the development of the Internet, some people spread their works on the Internet, so that they are known by the majority of netizens and become famous. They are usually called Internet celebrities.
Four elements of the network
- Communication lines and communication equipment;
- A computer with independent functions;
- Network software support;
- Realize data communication and resource sharing.
Network Classification
Classified by topology:
Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh
Classified by the way of information exchange:
Circuit switching, message switching, packet switching
By coverage:
Local area network LAN (the scope of action is generally several meters to tens of kilometers). Metropolitan area network MAN (bounded between WAN and LAN).
Wide area network WAN (the scope of action is generally tens to thousands of kilometers).
Local area network
A local area network is often referred to as a “local area network”, abbreviated as LAN. The local area network is the computer network with the least structural complexity. A local area network is consist of computers connected with each other via a network at the same location. Local area networks, usually close together, are the most widely used type of network today. A network with the below characteristics is usually called a local area network. The geographical area enclosed by the network is closely small. Mostly no more than 10 kilometers, or even only in a building or a room.
WAN
The transmission rate of information is closely high, and its range is from 1Mbps to 10Mbps and has reached 100Mbps. The transmission rate of the WAN is mostly 2400bps, 9600bps, or 38.4kbps, 56.64kbps. Dedicated lines also only get to 1.544Mbps.
The right to operate and manage the network associated with a certain unit.
A wide area network (WAN) is a complex network system that affects a wide range.
A WAN contains more than two LANs, and the connection between these LANs can travel over a place of more than 30mile. A large WAN can contain many MANs and LANs on every continent. The most widely known WAN is the Internet network, which contains thousands of LANs and WANs around the world.
Sometimes the boundaries between LAN, MAN, and WAN are so indistinct that it is difficult to determine where the LAN ends and where the MAN or WAN begins. But the type of network can be determined by four network characteristics – communication medium, protocol, topology, and boundary points between private and public networks. Communication media are electrical cables, fiber optic cables, radio waves, or microwaves that connect computers to networks. Often a LAN ends up where the communication medium changes, such as from wire-based cables to fiber optics. Wire-cable LANs are usually connected to other LANs through fiber-optic cables.
Network transmission medium
Wired networks, optical fiber networks, wireless networks, and local area networks usually use a single transmission medium, while metropolitan area networks and wide area networks use multiple transmission media.
Classification by means of communication:
Point-to-point transmission network, broadcast transmission network
Classification by purpose of network usage:
Shared resource network, data processing network, data transmission network, the purpose of network use, etc.
Classified by service model:
Client/Server Networks, Peer-to-Peer Networks
Network Communication
Shi Lan, executive deputy director of the China Modern Media Committee, believes that network communication has three basic characteristics: global, interactive, and hypertext links. Therefore, its definition of network communication is: with global information as the background and participants as the object, the participants are also information receivers and publishers and can give feedback on information at any time. Its text formation and reading are various It is completed in hypertexts that are randomly linked between various texts and form various meanings with different cultural levels (International Journalism, No. 6, 2000, p. 49).
Others believe that “network communication” is a new term widely appearing in communication science. It is relative to the three major media, namely newspapers, radio, and television. Network communication refers to the international Internet network with multimedia, networking, and digital technology as the core, also known as network communication, which is the product of the modern information revolution (“International Journalism”, No. 6, p. 49, 2000).
We believe that the so-called network communication actually refers to the dissemination of human information (including news, knowledge, and other information) through computer networks. Information in network transmission is stored in digital form on optical, magnetic, and other storage media spreads at high speed through a computer network and is read and used by computers or similar equipment.
Network communication is based on the computer communication network to carry out information transmission, exchange, and utilization, so as to achieve the purpose of social and cultural communication. Network communication has a huge number of readers and can be transmitted at high speed through the Internet.
The related disciplines of network communication mainly include communication, political science, sociology, psychology, journalism, economics, computer science, etc.
Web Language
Internet language is a new form of language that is different from traditional print media with the development of the Internet. It has been favored by the majority of netizens since its birth in a concise and vivid form. And it has developed rapidly. Network languages include pinyin or abbreviations of English letters. Numbers with a certain meaning and vivid network animations and pictures are mainly used by netizens to improve the efficiency of online chat or a specific need at first. Form a specific language.
The new vocabulary that emerges on the Internet mainly depends on its own vitality. If those dynamic Internet languages can stand the test of time, they can be accepted after the convention. It is equivalent to a dialogue between people, except that our dialogue party is replaced by a computer. The computer is obedient. We only need to use language to tell him what to do, that is, network language.
Internet language represents a certain Internet culture. this broadly appears in various Internet applications such as chat and bulletin board systems (BBS) and penetrates into real life, which has a certain impact on our life. It has a wide range of sources, mostly drawn from dialects and common sayings, various foreign languages, abbreviations, homonyms, etc., and belongs to mixed languages. Before the Opium War, very few people in China would know what Europa and English meant, or what Mauser guns and brandy were. However, after the Opium War, these words quickly entered the Chinese language, and have been preserved for a long time through transliteration. It can be seen from this example that the emergence of network language has endowed language with more life and vitality.
The study of the Internet language has become a new growth point of linguistics. With the deepening of research, network linguistics came into being; its development is very rapid, and it has been recognized by academic circles. This emerging discipline was first proposed by Professor Zhou Haizhong, a well-known Chinese scholar, in the article “A Brand-new Language Discipline – Network Linguistics” published in 2000, and briefly explained its; high academic attention.
In his monograph “Cyberlinguistics: Language, Discourse and Thought on the Internet” published in 2003 by the well-known Spanish scholar Santiago Postguero, he made a more comprehensive exploration of cyberlinguistics. In 2005, Professor David Crystal, a well-known British linguist, published the article “The Scope of Network Linguistics”. Which made a more in-depth exploration of the impact of the network and information technology on language. At present, network linguistics has become one of the most dynamic branches of contemporary linguistics, but its theoretical system and research methods need to be further improved.
characteristics of the network
A computer network is a system that uses communication lines and communication equipment to connect multiple autonomous computer systems distributed in different locations to each other, share hardware and software according to a common network protocol, and finally realize resource sharing.
But what is inseparable from people’s lives is the computer network, and most people’s understanding of the network is about the computer network.
Using the network, people can not only achieve resource sharing, but also exchange information, keep in touch, and have entertainment. Many people’s lives and work are inseparable from the Internet. The realization of the network makes a single, decentralized computer organically connect into a system, which mainly has the following characteristics:
- Resource sharing
The main function of the network is to share resources. Shared resources include hardware resources, data resources, and various software resources stored in public databases. Online users can share some or all of these resources, so that the resources in the network can communicate with each other, divide labor and cooperate, thereby greatly improving the utilization rate of system resources. - Fast transmission of information
Computer systems distributed in different regions can transmit various information, exchange data, and send e-mails through the network in a timely and high-speed manner, making the connection between people closer. - Improve system reliability In the network, due to the mutual cooperation and mutual backup relationship between computers, and the use of some backup devices and some load scheduling, data fault tolerance, and other technologies in the network, when a certain part of the network fails, other parts of the network Parts can automatically take over their tasks. Therefore, compared with stand-alone systems, computer networks have higher reliability.
- Ease of distributed processing In the network, a relatively large problem or task can also be decomposed into several sub-problems or tasks, which are distributed to different computers in the network for processing and calculation. This distributed processing capability is very effective in the research and development of some major topics.
- Comprehensive information service In today’s information society, individuals, offices, libraries, enterprises, and schools are generating and processing a large amount of information all the time. The information may be words, numbers, images, sounds, or even videos, which can be collected, processed, and transmitted through the network. Therefore, the integrated information service will become the basic service function of the network.
History
Birth of the Web
The mission of the birth of the network: is to improve the quality of human life around the world through various Internet services.
Make human life more convenient and rich, thereby promoting the progress of global human society. And enrich the material world and spiritual world of human beings, so that human beings can obtain information in the easiest way. Find what you want and make human life happier.
Contrary to what many people think, the Internet is not the result of a single plan. The founders of the Internet would never have imagined that it would develop into the scale and impact it is today. At the beginning of the Internet, no one could have imagined that it would enter thousands of households, and no one could have imagined its commercial use.
More than ten years after the advent of the world’s first electronic computer in 1946, it was very expensive. The number of computers is very small, and the so-called computer network in the early days was mainly produced to solve this contradiction. Its form is to directly connect a computer to several terminals through a communication line, and we can also regard this method as the prototype of the simplest local area network.
The earliest network was established by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Many concepts and methods of modern computer networking, such as packet-switching technology, come from ARPAnet. ARPAnet not only conducts research on packet switching technology of leased line interconnection but also conducts research on packet switching technology for wireless and satellite networks – the result of which has led to the advent of the network protocol TCP/IP protocol.
In 1977-1979, ARPAnet introduced the TCP/IP architecture and protocol in its current form.
Around 1980, all computers on ARPAnet began to convert the TCP/IP protocol and established the initial Internet with ARPAnet as the backbone network.
In 1983, all ARPAnet computers completed the conversion to TCP/IP and implemented TCP/IP on UNIX (BSD4.1). The biggest technical contribution of ARPAnet is the development and application of the TCP/IP protocol. Two well-known science education networks, CSNET and BITNET, have been established successively.
In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) planned to establish 13 national supercomputing centers and the National Education Science and Technology Network. It subsequently replaced the backbone of ARPANET.
The Internet began to open to the outside world in 1988.
In June 1991, among the computers connected to the Internet, business users surpassed academic users for the first time. This was a milestone in the history of Internet development. Since then, the speed of Internet growth has been out of control. In the 21st century, network platforms are used in the field of e-commerce. Online business has become a trend.
Progression stage
Generation 1: Remote Terminal Connection
The early 1960s
terminal-oriented computer network
It only provides communication between the terminal and the host, and cannot communicate between subnets.
The second generation: computer network stage (local area network)
The mid-1960s
many hosts are interconnected to realize the communication between the computers. Including the communication subnet, and user resource subnet. End-users can access the software resources and hardware of the local host and all hosts on the communication subnet.
Circuit switching and packet switching.
The third generation: computer network interconnection stage (WAN, Internet)
In 1981, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) formulated the basic reference model for open system interconnection (OSI/RM) to realize the interconnection between computers produced by different manufacturers.
The birth of the TCP/IP protocol.
Fourth generation: information superhighway (high speed, multi-service, large data volume)
Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network: Information Superhighway.
ATM technology, ISDN, Gigabit Ethernet
Interactivity: High-speed and visualization of online TV-on-demand, video conference, videophone, online shopping, online banking, online library, etc.
Staged Development of Internet
Development history
The development of my country’s INTERNET is marked by the first E-mail sent to the world through the Chinese academic network CANET in 1987. After decades of development, four major network systems have been formed. Namely: the science and technology network CSTnet of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the education and scientific research network CERnet of the Ministry of Education; the CHINAnet of the former Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and the golden bridge network CHINAgbn of the former Ministry of Electronics. The development of the Internet network in China can be roughly divided into 3 stages:
The first stage was from 1987 to 1993, which was also a research and experimental stage. During this period, some scientific research departments and colleges and universities in China began to study Internet technology and carried out scientific research projects and scientific and technological cooperation, but the network application at this stage was limited to e-mail services in a small range.
The second stage was from 1994 to 1996, which was also the initial stage. In April 1994, the Zhongguancun area education, and scientific research demonstration network project was launched on the Internet. Since then, China has been officially recognized as a country with the Internet. After that, a number of Internet network projects such as CERnet, CSTnet, CHINAnet, CHINAgbn, etc., were successively launched nationwide. The Internet began to enter public life and has developed rapidly in China. By the end of 1996, the number of Internet users in China had reached 200,000, and the business and applications using the Internet had gradually increased.
The third stage, from 1997 to the present, is the most rapid development stage of the Internet in my country. After 1997, the number of domestic Internet users has basically maintained a growth rate of doubling every six months. So far, the number of Internet users has exceeded 10 million. According to a statistical report released by China Internet Information Center (CNNIC), as of October 30, 2009, the total number of Internet users in my country was 530 million. This number is up 8.9 million from the beginning of the year and 22.2 million from the same period in 2002.
China has five commercial Internet backbone units with independent international entry and exit lines, as well as non-profit Internet backbone units for education, science and technology, trade and other fields. There are more than 600 Internet Access Service Providers (ISPs), of which 140 operate across provinces.
With the improvement of network infrastructure, the adoption of new technologies in user access, the diversification of access methods and the improvement of operators’ service capabilities, the bottleneck problem caused by slow access network speed will be further improved, and the Internet access speed will be faster. faster, thereby facilitating more applications to be implemented online. :
Switching Technology Enters Substantive Stage
The telephone network has continued the circuit-switched way since its invention. The IP network that emerged at the end of the last century brought a breakthrough to people with a connectionless communication method. Voice services are the main source of revenue for operators and cannot be completely connectionless. Driven by two situations, a network with Softswitch as the core has emerged. It attempts to transform the traditional circuit-switched network into a packet-switched network while taking into account the existing telephone network.
The emergence of the network with the Softswitch as the core realizes the packet transmission of the voice channel while keeping the original voice service unchanged, which greatly reduces the operation and maintenance costs, thus making the Softswitch technology an important part of the development of the switching network. direction. In today’s market-leading business demand, the advantage of Softswitch itself being able to develop some new services makes people rush for it. In China, after more than three years of trials and large-scale commercial trials.
Softswitch has basically matured in technology, the ability to provide services quickly is reflected, and the cost of network construction is also comparable to that of traditional switches. Under this circumstance, with the continuous emergence of broadband services such as VoIP, IPTV, video conferencing, and VOD, problems such as rapid bandwidth consumption and network congestion are caused. Therefore, in terms of access networks, the broadband nation has become an irreversible trend.
In order to solve the problem of access, many solutions have been proposed. In order to solve the problem of broadband, the following points can be summarized: increase the interconnection bandwidth; change the network traffic structure to reduce the bottleneck of the backbone network; apply the QoS mechanism to ensure the quality of service of some applications; IPMulticast multicast technology, etc. In contrast, IP multicast technology has the characteristics that the network backbone bandwidth does not need to be proportional to the increase in the number of users, and can effectively control the cost of the backbone network, making it the preferred technology for operators. The union of the QoS mechanisms and multicast technology will better meet the needs of new services.
For IPTV in the broadband access network, everyone is very concerned about it. The high bandwidth called by IPTV can be said to be an opportunity for telecom network transformation. With the rapid development of network technology, broadband users are rapidly expanding, but many regions have not achieved high broadband user access rates after investing huge amounts of money in building broadband metropolitan area networks. IPTV has brought some gratification to telecom operators in exploring new user growth methods and business volume growth methods, and it is becoming a new force for telecom operators to leverage the broadband market.
Development Trend
Looking at the future development trend of the e-commerce market from the scale of the network economy
The extent to which online retailing pulls down the average retail price in China is gradually weakening. Main product categories of online retail since 2010.
The online price of online shopping malls generally increases more than offline, reflecting that online merchants may have adopted an unsustainable price-for-volume approach in the early days. With the development of the online retail market, consumers are becoming more sophisticated and will not only focus on price comparisons.
Wireless Aspects
Under the background of the evolution of mobile services from narrowband and voice services to third-generation networks, many broadband wireless access technologies have sprung up. Excellent IP service support capability has gained global attention.
Under the background of the broadband nation, various new services have also become a topic of concern at the conference. Experts and scholars from all over the country conducted meaningful exchanges and discussions on the aspects of rapid business proposal, quality assurance and business model.
Now that China may issue 3G licenses, operators are paying close attention to the integration of fixed and mobile networks. They hope to provide users with high-quality comprehensive services on a unified core network and reduce network complexity and O&M costs. But this is a long process that requires continuous maturity in technologies, standards, products, etc. This process will be full of opportunities and challenges.
Service Mode
With the global expansion of the Internet, and the rapid development of the Internet in China, the number of ISPs in China is increasing, and the services they provide are also constantly enriching. However, to achieve the prosperity of China’s Internet services, not only more and more Internet service providers are required to provide rich services, but also Internet service providers (ISPs) are required to continuously develop service markets, adopt flexible operation models, find ways to make their own profits, and continuously Improve its own independent innovation ability and enhance core competitiveness. This paper studies the operation mode of China’s ISP and analyzes the different needs of different business types for ISP operation mode.
Internet Service Provider (ISP: Internet Service Provider) is an Internet service provider, a telecom operator that comprehensively provides Internet access services, information services, and value-added services to the majority of users. ISP is an official operating enterprise approved by a competent national authority and enjoys the protection of national laws. Internet Content Provider (ICP: Internet Content Provider) is an Internet content provider, that is, a telecommunications operator that comprehensively provides Internet information services and value-added services to users. ICP is also an official operating enterprise approved by the national competent authority and enjoys the protection of national laws. Well-known domestic ICPs include Sina, Sohu, 163.21CN, and so on.
In the Internet application service industry chain “equipment suppliers – basic network operators – content collectors and producers – service providers – users”, ISP/ICP is in the position of content collectors, producers, and service providers. Location. Since information service is the most active part of China’s information industry, ISP/ICP is also the most innovative and active part of China’s information industry. By the end of 2006, there were more than 21,000 registered value-added service providers in China, most of which were ISPs/ICPs that conduct business based on the Internet. With the gradual clarification of the characteristics of Internet development where content is king, most ICPs also play the role of ISPs. According to the classification of Internet services, this paper analyzes the operating modes of ISPs that provide different services.
Transaction Amount
In 2012, the scale of online retail transactions reached 1.32 trillion yuan, and by 2020, this scale may reach 4.2 trillion yuan. Both the China E-Commerce Research Center and the McKinsey Global Institute released reports that China’s e-commerce market is showing rapid growth. It is estimated that by 2020, online retail will account for 10%-16% of the Chinese consumer market.
Network Usage
Recommendations
With the development of the Internet, it is getting faster and faster. I hope everyone can make reasonable use of network resources and not indulge in games, novels, and the like.
Original Use
The US Department of Defense believes that if there is only one centralized military command center, in case this center is destroyed by the nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union. The military command of the whole country will be paralyzed, and the consequences will be unimaginable, so it is necessary to design such a decentralized command system – it must be composed of decentralized command points, and when some command points are destroyed, others can still work normally. , and these scattered points can be connected through some form of the communication network.
In 1969, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA – Advanced Research Projects Agency) began to establish a network named ARPAnet to connect several US military and research computer hosts. In the beginning, ARPAnet only connected 4 hosts, and it was placed under the protection of high-level secrets of the US Department of Defense in terms of military requirements. Technically, it didn’t has the conditions for external promotion.
Internet
In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) used the TCP/IP communication protocol developed by ARPAnet to establish the NSFnet-wide area network on the basis of five supercomputer centers for scientific research and education services. Due to the encouragement and funding of the National Science Foundation of the United States, many universities, government-funded research institutions, and even private research institutions have incorporated their local area networks into NSFnet. At that time, the military part of ARPAnet had left the parent network and established its own network — Milnet. ARPAnet – the father of networking, was gradually replaced by NSFnet. By 1990, ARPAnet had been introverted from the stage of history. Today, NSFnet has become one of the important backbone networks of the Internet.
In 1989, the WWW was successfully developed by CERN, which laid the foundation for the Internet to realize the interception/retrieval of wide-area hypermedia information.
Before the 1990s, the use of the Internet has been limited to research and academic fields, and commercial organizations’ access to the Internet has been plagued by one way or another regulations or traditional problems. In fact, government agencies like the National Science Foundation, which once funded the Internet, are not interested in doing business on the Internet.
Business Use
In 1991, three companies in the United States operated their own CERFnet, PSINet, and Alternet networks respectively, which could provide Internet networking services to customers to a certain extent. They formed the “Commercial Internet Association” (CIEA), announcing that users can use their Internet subnets for any commercial purpose. The emergence of Internet commercialization service providers enables industrial and commercial enterprises to finally enter the Internet in a dignified manner.
As soon as business organizations step into the strange world of the Internet, they discover its great potential in communication, data retrieval, and customer service. So, its momentum was out of control. Countless enterprises and individuals from all over the world have flocked to the Internet, bringing a new leap in the history of Internet development.
The Internet has connected more than 160 countries and regions, more than 40,000 subnets, and more than 5 million computer hosts. With more than 40 million direct users, it has become the computer public network with the most abundant information resources in the world. The Internet is considered to be the prototype of the future global information superhighway. The word ”’ network”’ has many meanings and can be interpreted as: Network flow is also referred to as a network. It is generally used for modeling pipeline systems, transportation systems, and communication systems.
Online Telephone
Internet telephony, also known as IP telephony, transmits voice through the Internet Protocol (IP). Traditional international calls are transmitted by analogy. The voice is first converted into a signal. And the sound is transmitted to the other party through a copper cable. Internet telephony converts the sound into a data signal through a gateway and compresses it into a packet. And then transmits it from the Internet. When the receiver receives the packet, the gateway decompresses it and retransmits it. sound for the other party to hear.
Generally speaking, VoIP connection methods can be divided into 3 types: PC to PC, PC to Phone, and Phone to Phone. VoIP uses the TCP/IP protocol, and specialized software converts the caller’s voice into digital signals (often compressed, which is also the technical key point of the quality of VoIP software), and then packaged to form small data packets. The data packet freely finds the network’s free space and transmits the voice data to the other party. After the other party’s special equipment or software receives the data packet, it performs a reverse process of converting the voice into the data packet as mentioned above.
If the other party’s receiver is inconsistent, it will also be To do technical processing so that the voice can be restored. During the whole call, we don’t need to rent a dedicated line, but just use the network at a glance, which greatly saves the cost of the call. The general cost is a few cents domestically, and the international cost is generally a few cents, and the cost is very low!
Network Hard Drive
“Network hard disk” is exclusive storage space. Users can easily upload and download files by logging in to the website through the Internet. The unique sharing and grouping functions break through the concept of traditional storage. Compared with other similar products, the “Network Hard Disk” product has four characteristics: intuitive preview, four-level sharing, group management, and stability and security.
Network hard disk is mentioned as “remote hard disk space used for organizing through network connection”, which can be used to backup computer data files, store, and transfer, which is easy for users to manage and use. Users of this site can connect and use the network hard disk service provided by “e Netcom” on any computer terminal with Internet access in the world.
Internet Finance
The so-called online finance, also known as e-finance, refers to financial activities realized on the Internet (Internet), including online financial institutions, online financial transactions, online financial markets, and online financial supervision. It is different from the traditional financial activities that exist in physical form. It is an economic activity that exists in the electronic space. Its existence is virtualized and its operation mode is networked. It is a product of the rapid development of information technology, especially Internet technology, and is a financial operation model in the network age that is adapted to the development needs of e-commerce (e-commerce).
Online Education
Online education refers to a kind of online teaching and learning provided to educators and learners under the guidance of modern educational ideas and learning concepts, giving full play to the various educational functions of the network and the advantages of rich online educational resources under the network environment. service, which is reflected in the use of digital technology to deliver content. Conduct learner-centered, non-face-to-face educational activities.
Online TV
Internet TV, also known as IPTV (InteractivePersonalityTV), uses TVs, personal computers, and handheld devices as display terminals, and accesses broadband networks through set-top boxes or computers to realize digital TV, time-shift TV, interactive TV, and other services. People have brought a brand-new TV viewing method, which has changed the passive TV viewing mode in the past and realized TV watching on-demand, watching and stopping anytime.
Cyber Insurance
Network insurance is an emerging insurance marketing model with a computer network as the medium, which is different from the traditional insurance agent marketing model.
The emergence and development of cyber insurance is a historical trend, which represents the development direction of the international insurance industry.
Domestic insurance websites can be roughly divided into three categories: The first is the self-built websites of insurance companies. Which mainly sell their own insurance types, such as “PA18” from Ping An Insurance and “Taikang Online” from Taikang Life Insurance.
The second type is an independent third-party insurance website. Which is an insurance website funded by a professional Internet Service Provider (ISP), which does not belong to any insurance company, but also provides insurance services, such as Huibao.com, eBaoTech, and Internet Insurance. Wait.
The third category is insurance information websites, such as China Insurance Network, which can be regarded as the BBS of industry insiders. Obviously, these three types of websites represent the development level of China’s online insurance.
After rational and objective research and analysis of their implementation strategies and market operation methods, we can deeply grasp the development of China’s online insurance.
Cyber insurance is a huge social system project involving many industries such as banking and telecommunications. It will take a long time to perfect this project.
The attack of network hackers makes the computer network system’s own security lack protection, and there are hidden dangers in-network insurance; and because of the human factors between the insurance parties and the profound and complex background and interest relationship, online complaints and claims are easy to breed fraud. Behavior. Therefore, it is difficult to support cyber insurance only by relying on online operations. How to prohibit and punish the use of cyber insurance to conduct insurance fraud; how to implement online underwriting and online claims and payment; cyber insurance still has a long way to go in our country.
Network insurance technology is a complete set of “security reinforcement systems” researched by national scientific and technological research and development personnel to maintain the security of the server and resist the invasion of hackers, viruses, and worms. As of December 7, 2007, the Central News Network broadcast a new generation of “security reinforcement systems” that has been put into operation.
Internet Marketing
Network marketing (On-line Marketing or Cyber marketing) is the full name of network direct marketing, which is a form of direct marketing. It is a general term for various marketing activities (including network research, network promotion, network new product development, network promotion, network distribution, network services, etc.) based on the computer network as the medium and means.
The specific steps of network marketing are:
Building a corporate network marketing platform Large companies can build their own websites, while small companies can form alliances with relevant network companies to establish a “home” on the Internet.
Internet promotion (search engine optimization, business opportunity publishing, email, blog marketing…)
Build a consumer database. Consumers are the strategic assets of enterprises. Enterprises must pay attention to collecting and analyzing consumer information through the Internet, such as information of registered users, feedback opinions, and suggestions from users, establishing and managing consumer databases, exploring consumers’ personalized needs, and analyzing consumption.
Consumer behavior and habits, and establish long-term personal relationships with customers. Lock in online consumers. With the proliferation of information on the Internet on the one hand and the limited time of consumers on the other, companies must start marketing strategies that attract consumers to the Internet and drive them to visit the company’s website multiple times and for extended periods of time.
Fourth, emphasize personalization. In order to win consumer dependence, companies must treat each consumer as an independent and distinct individual. The new shopping guideline for today’s consumers is: “I want it or I don’t”. The company’s answer can only be: “Do as they ask, otherwise don’t bother them”.
Emphasis on differentiated marketing and direct sales. Use the Internet to carry out differentiated marketing and vigorously develop direct sales including E-mail marketing.
Establish a rapid customer response mechanism. Including quick response to customer comments and suggestions, complaints and complaints, and fast logistics mechanism. To maximize every opportunity to communicate with customers, and to provide services as quickly as possible to meet customer-specific time and delivery requirements.
Web Hosting
The basic concept of network marketing hosting: Network hosting business refers to entrusted by users, hosting domestic networks, network elements, or equipment owned or rented by users, including providing users with services such as equipment placement, network management, operation, maintenance, etc. As well as providing users with management and maintenance services for interconnection and other network applications.